Employee Absenteeism In Primary Healthcare - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Employee Absenteeism In Primary Healthcare. Answer: Introduction The word absenteeism means unscheduled absences. In the health care section, the word absenteeism refers to the medical staffs that include particularly nurses in settings of health cares which gives rise to continual strain and also affects the quality services of the health care that are received by their patients (Nelson et al., 2014). The ability of the health care also gets affected by absenteeism that mainly deals effectively with the challenges that comes from the factors of environment and also has a great effect for all the functions that are carried out in the organization of the health care. There should be ample number of nurses and doctors in all heath centers and clinics or in hospitals so that all the patients are attended with outmost care and they can give quality services to their patients. The providers of health care stands as a backbone to any organization of health care to deliver their systems (Kocakulah et al., 2016). There must be adequate number of nurses fo r addressing properly the heath and care needed by their patients and also serve their country well. The challenge that is faced by the health cares is number of absenteeism among the nursing staffs. In this report, detailed is discussed about the reason of absenteeism mostly in health care organizations. Secondary data are collected in literature review from various literatures describing the reason behind absenteeism. The factor that influences absenteeism in health care are also discussed elaborately. This report also sheds light on the challenges that are faced by the absence management while controlling the sickness absence in an organization of health care or personal clinics. Conceptual Framework Absenteeism of employees is one of the most important and critical issue that is mostly faced by the health care sectors. The reason for increasing the absenteeism is absence management in organizations and health care sectors. The reason for the absenteeism in organization happens due to various factors. Absences of employees can cause disruptive in businesses and also can cost high to the organization. The managers who are involved in the management have to mainly understand the main cause behind absenteeism and then implement the strategies for managing them. The main aim of this research is to find reason behind absenteeism of employees in health sector is mainly studied in this report. The reasons are elaborately studied in this research and how to overcome those are also discussed in this research paper. Figure 1: Mind Map Research Questions How the employee absenteeism affects the absence management in health sector? What are the recommendation of the effectiveness of absence management to reduce Absence in health cares? Literature Review According to (Durand et al., 2014), absenteeism can be defined as involuntary absence that occurs due to some reasons that are not in control of the employees and the voluntary absence involves absence that occurs when an employee makes his own decision for not to go for their work. Zuo Zhao (2014), stated that it is difficult to differentiate between involuntary absence and voluntary absence in an organization. The only way to distinguish between them is the frequency assessment and also duration of leave that has been taken by the employee. If the frequency of the absence is high, then it is regarded as voluntary absence and if the frequency of leave has low frequency, then it is considered as involuntary absence. Voluntary absence is considered as an unplanned absence and it is also termed as short termed leave. As stated by (Swink et al., 2014), according to perspective of a system, there are many different factors that influences absenteeism to influence absence among the healt h workers in an organization of health care. The factors involved mainly are categorized in three sectors: content or workplace factor, cultural and organizational factor and also personal factor. There can be absenteeism due to employment sector. There can be absenteeism due to high as well as low setting of resources in a public organization such as hospitals and health care organization. (Gosselin, Lemyre Corneil, 2013) found in an research study that in a health sector in Costa Rica, the number of absenteeism is increasing in the health organizations which is not often addressed in the frameworks of health systems. The size of the health care can also influence the number of absenteeism. There is an argument that organizations that are large have minimum group cohesiveness, efforts of individual goes unnoticed and also has greater bureaucracy. Kristman et al. (2016) stated by doing an evaluation on the impact of the changes that takes place in health care sectors due to organizational reforms and reimbursement methods mainly on absenteeism. They evaluated that the number of absenteeism is increasing day by day in large hospitals with comparison to smaller ones. In Kenya, (Daouk-yry et al., 2014) it was reported that employees of hospitals in sub-districts and main districts were more absent than the employees in health centers and small dispensaries. The reason for absenteeism may also come from the location of facility of the heath care. The health care is in rural or urban place also decides the percentage of absenteeism in health care centers. The absence rate also depends on the area where the workers live and their distance to hospitals. (Kangas et al., 2017) considered that in a country like Nigeria, the number of absenteeism in rural areas should be more because of the irregular transport problem and the workers of the hospitals and dispensaries had to travel further distances. But the actual situation was totally different according to (Johnson et al., 2014). They found that hospitals in urban areas have more absenteeism compared to rural areas. Challenges Faced by Absence Management Absence due to sickness is mainly considered as a context of macro-economic factor that is needed to lessen the societal cost and also helps in effective allocation of the resources (Jones Killion, 2017). There is much little evaluation for the absentees due to sickness because personal consequences are not at all well-defined. The managers of the absence management are mainly responsible to control the absence of the organization (Keasberry et al., 2017). The managers have to implement certain strategies that help to control the absence rate in the workplace. Also, there should be good understanding to carry out the role in all these processes. It is relevant to managers to include all the stakeholders under the policies that are stated by the management (Loke et al., 2015). The managers have to understand their positions and are expected to implement practices and policies in the organization of healthcare. If their positions are not understood properly, then there may arise a pot ential complication among the managers of the organization of health sectors. Effectiveness of Managers in Reducing Absence There are many strategies that are explored by researchers that effects in reducing the percentage of absence among the staffs of health care. The managers play a proactive role in managing the absence due to sickness (Zboril-Benson, 2016). The managers can make the employees feel valuable to the organization which can decrease the rate of absenteeism in organization of health cares. The managers can maintain the absence rate in many ways. The management can keep a touch with all its employees who are in leave because of sickness for planning the adjustment to make a quick return to the work. According to (Zingg et al., 2015), absence that lasts for less than 28 days are considered as short-term absence. The patterns of absences are mostly evaluated in short-term absences. The managers who are effective in their work mainly encourage the individuals to take off when they face difficulties and discomforts. This approach of the manager is considered as a key message in sickness absence management. Tracking of presence is also considered as imperative. It is also necessary for the managers of absence management to review history of all the absences that takes place in the organization. This is mainly done to view whether the pattern of absence of a particular nursing staff improves or the pattern gets worse (Engel et al., 2014). The managers are to be given relevant training so that they are capable of identifying the changes in the behavior of their staffs. The way by which managers get to know whether the problems that are involved for sickness absence are genuine or not is only by their experience. The employee welfare should also be noticed to reduce absence due to sickness in an organization. Project Execution Plan Y?ld?z et al. (2015) illustrated the data that were interviewed face to face in a health care of Turkey. A questionnaire session was held by (Nelson et al, 2014), in between the employees who aged between 19 years to 50 years. Almost 168 employees of healthcare were questioned where it was found that employees who were absent more than two times for the reason of illness in last one year was about 32. The working hours of the employees were also less than the actual time as stated in (Vossen van Gestel, 2015). Allover, the percentage of absenteeism was about 32% after surveying the employees. The employees that were surveyed were mostly monthly paid. The research that was conducted by (Belita, Mbindyo English, 2013), considered presenteeism and absenteeism as an outcome variable and the efficiency and working hours are considered as predictor variables. Bothe the outcome variables and the predictor variables are constructed well from the research that was conducted. (Fagan et al., 2014) also considered some controlled variables that include job, education, workers, gender, working experience, age and many more. Project Schedule and Gantt Chart Task Name Duration Start Finish Research Project 101 days Mon 05-02-18 Mon 25-06-18 Proposal development 11 days Mon 05-02-18 Mon 19-02-18 Selection of the topic for the research project 2 days Mon 05-02-18 Tue 06-02-18 Preparing the layout for proposal 4 days Wed 07-02-18 Mon 12-02-18 Design the research proposal 5 days Tue 13-02-18 Mon 19-02-18 Submission of the proposal 0 days Mon 19-02-18 Mon 19-02-18 Complete research work 90 days Tue 20-02-18 Mon 25-06-18 Literature Review 42 days Tue 20-02-18 Wed 18-04-18 Developing the proper methodology for research 9 days Thu 19-04-18 Tue 01-05-18 Identification of proper sources for the secondary data 5 days Wed 02-05-18 Tue 08-05-18 Collection of the secondary Data 10 days Wed 09-05-18 Tue 22-05-18 Analysis of the Data 6 days Wed 23-05-18 Wed 30-05-18 Collection of findings from the analysis 6 days Thu 31-05-18 Thu 07-06-18 Drawing conclusions from the study 5 days Fri 08-06-18 Thu 14-06-18 Preparation of rough draft for the study 4 days Fri 15-06-18 Wed 20-06-18 Review of the work 3 days Thu 21-06-18 Mon 25-06-18 Final submission 0 days Mon 25-06-18 Mon 25-06-18 Table 1: (Project Schedule) (Source: Created by Author) Gantt Chart Figure 2: (Gantt Chart) (Source: Created by author) Data Sources Variable Definition All Outcome Variable Absenteeism Person has been absent two or more times because of illness during the past 12 mo = 1, otherwise = 0 32 Presenteeism Person has been present two or more times while sick during the past 12 mo = 1, otherwise = 0 68 Predictor Variables Policy Variables Working hr match Desired and actual weekly working hr match exactly = 1, otherwise = 0 32 Efficiency demands In tough situations efficiency rules out everything else in firm, according to the survey respondent = 1, otherwise = 0 49 Control Variables Gender Male = 1 Female = 0 70 30 Age (yr) 18-35 = 1 35 = 0 61 40 Job Doctor/Dentist = 1, otherwise = 0 (reference) Nurse/Midwife = 1, otherwise = 0 Health Technician = 1, otherwise = 0 7 33 60 Education Health College/Associate Degree = 1, otherwise = 0 (reference) Undergraduate Degree = 1, otherwise = 0 Postgraduate Degree = 1, otherwise = 0 27 54 19 Occupational Experience (yr) 1-10 = 1, otherwise = 0 (reference) 11-20 = 1, otherwise = 0 20 = 1, otherwise = 0 42 46 11 Replaceability Replacement is not possible = 1, otherwise = 0 (reference) Replacement is possible by substitutes = 1, otherwise =0 Replacement is possible by colleagues = 1, otherwise = 0 11 15 74 Additional Payments Additional payments are cut back when employees has been absent = 1, otherwise = 0 Additional payments are not cut back when employees has been absent = 1, otherwise = 0 60 40 N 168 Note- Those who have never been or once absent (present while sick) during the last 12 months are marked as zero and those who have been absent (present) two or more times as one. This gives a prevalence of 32% for absenteeism and 65% for presenteeism Table 2: Showing data for Turkey Health Cares Sl. No. Links 1. https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp23.pdf 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3721994/ 3. https://www.hse.ie/eng/staff/Resources/managingattendance.pdf 4. https://www.ibec.ie/IBEC/DFB.nsf/vPages/Research_and_surveys~Employer_issues~ibec-guide-to-managing-absence-16-05-2013/$file/Employee%20Absenteeism%20-%20A%20Guide%20to%20Managing%20Absence.pdf 5. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0030/396723/qh-gdl-094.pdf 6. https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042815052428/1-s2.0-S1877042815052428-main.pdf?_tid=a38bb012-e62f-11e7-8b7f-00000aab0f27acdnat=1513847974_5a0374bce74b10075e4db05508addb68 Table 3: (Data Links) Conclusion The sector of health care and social well-being is mainly considered as inherent demand of the patients. The organization of health care focuses more on patients than the service providers of their heath cares. The employees have duty to provide a good service to all their patients without the support of the staffs in management. The phenomenon of being absent mainly affects the morale of their duties and services. Absenteeism gives rise to stress in workplace. The other staffs of nursing also faces problems by absenteeism of other staffs and the patients are not served properly. Absenteeism gives low satisfactory level in healthcare sectors that are associated with all the working conditions, unfairness, and personal reasons of the services that are provided to the patients. The qualities of the services that are given to the patients are mostly negatively affected by the escalation of the absenteeism in organizations of health cares. This research has a detailed study of the reason of absenteeism in health cares and the way to mitigate the percentage of absenteeism by the absence management. The assessment that is analyzed is primary reasons that are behind the absence of staffs of the nursing in the health care sectors. References Belita, A., Mbindyo, P., English, M. (2013). Absenteeism amongst health workersdeveloping a typology to support empiric work in low-income countries and characterizing reported associations.Human resources for health,11(1), 34. Daouk-yry, L., Anouze, A. L., Otaki, F., Dumit, N. Y., Osman, I. (2014). The JOINT model of nurse absenteeism and turnover: a systematic review.International journal of nursing studies,51(1), 93-110. Durand, M. J., Corbire, M., Coutu, M. F., Reinharz, D., Albert, V. (2014). A review of best work-absence management and return-to-work practices for workers with musculoskeletal or common mental disorders.Work,48(4), 579-589. Engel, C. C., Bray, R. M., Jaycox, L. 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Synagogue Essay Example

Synagogue Essay A synagogue will look like any other building from the outside the only sign you might get from the outside is the star of David which is called magen David in the Hebrew tongue. There may also be a sign outside stating the name of the synagogue. There are many names for a synagogue such as; shul which means school in Hebrew, bet haknesset, which means house of assembly this is only used by Sephardim, which is oriental Jews. A synagogue is primarily a place of worship but also functions as a community centre for the Jews. The building is so important that the whole Jewish community that worship there will revolve around the building. It is used as a teaching school for Jewish children where they will be taught the Hebrew alphabet, numbers of Hebrew and about their faith. This school is a Jewish equivalent to a Christian Sunday school. If you now go inside you would see that the synagogue is rectangular and although you will not realise it, but the whole synagogue is built facing Israel, if possible, Jerusalem. There will be a sink where the congregation will wash their hands and feet before praying or worshipping. We will write a custom essay sample on Synagogue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Synagogue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Synagogue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You will also notice that there are separate seats. This is because in orthodox synagogues, the men sit on the ground floor and worship and the women sit in the gallery. There is a good reason for this and not because the Jews are sexist but because in Judaism, the men take on the role of worshipping and the women are expected to look after the house and the children so if people were late (the women). This may be because they had to change the baby or something like that so instead of disturbing the congregation and asking a row to stand up so she can get to her seat the mother can just slip into the gallery. The male children will stay with their mothers until they are thirteen and have had their bar mitzvah and then they will join their fathers. So you would go and sit in the appropriate section and you would notice a raised platform in the centre. This is a bimah in Hebrew and it is where the rabbi stands to deliver his sermons. Another name for a bimah is an almemar. The bimah is raised to symbolise that when the scrolls are being read from it, that the scrolls are above the congregation, this shows that the word of god contained in them and god himself is more important and higher than anybody in that congregation. It is also at the centre of the synagogue symbolising that god is at the centre of peoples lives. There will also be a cupboard or alcove called the ark, which is the most important feature of the synagogue as it is where the torah is kept, these will be in the ark and are the Jewish bible. The ark will be covered with a parachet (a curtain) you will know that this place is holy and important, as it will be beautifully decorated and it is the focal point of the whole synagogue. There will be two tables of stone bearing the Ten Commandments, usually above the ark; there will be a menorah, the seven-branched candlestick and the ner tamid, the ever-burning oil lamp. All of these are a reminder of the temple in Jerusalem, which was the first static synagogue; all that remains of this is the west wall. People will now start to arrive. If it is the Sabbath they will arrive on foot, as you are not allowed to drive on the Sabbath. People will be wearing their best clothes probably suits for men and nice clothes for women. Although you will not notice it, but they will not be carrying anything in their pockets or have any hand luggage. The service will now start. As I have already mentioned the rabbi is the spiritual leader of the synagogue but there will also be a cantor or chazan present the man who will lead the Jews in song and prayer these will both be men in an orthodox synagogue as will the rabbi be. You will also notice that there are no pictures of humans on the walls as they are forbidden and the walls will most likely be a plain colour like white for example. The men will also be wearing kippahs a kind of hat, which stands them out as one of gods people and also worn to show respect for god. The males of he congregation will wear the tallit. The tallit is a prayer shawl with six hundred and thirteen tassels to remind the wearer of the six hundred and thirteen laws found in the torah. As I have already mentioned, the ark is the sacred cupboard or alcove in the synagogue. It is the most important place because it contains the torah scrolls which is the Jewish bible. The Hebrew name for the torah scrolls is sefer torah which basically translated to a scroll. The ark will be exquisitely decorated and the curtain will most probably be velvet (the curtain is called the parochet. ) the scrolls itself are also highly decorated. They are made from a parchment an animal skin that has been stitched together to form one long scroll, on this parchment, the five books of Moses are then written going down in columns. One scroll contains two hundred and fifty columns and one scroll is an average of sixty metres long. And at each end the scroll is stitched onto the etz chaim (this is Hebrew for tree of life as the Jews regard the scroll as the most important thing in their lives. One scroll can take up to one thousand working hours to produce and must be done by a trained scribe. A mantle will also cover the scroll. The mantle is a piece of velvet, which will also have silver decorations, also, hanging around one of the etz chaim will be the yad which is Hebrew for hand. The yad is used for pointing whilst reading the torah as the scrolls are not allowed to be touched by the hand of man. This is because the scrolls are so holy that no man, even a rabbi, considers himself important enough to touch them. In the synagogue, there are a few symbolic and holy objects such as the ner tamid an ever-burning lamp which is kept going in the synagogue constantly as a reminder of the presence of god in the synagogue. There is also the menorah which is a reminder of the first temple built where it stood in that temple as a reminder of the seven days it took god to create the world. You may have drawn this conclusion yourself, but if not, then all synagogues in he world follow the same blueprint as the first temple in Jerusalem and anywhere in the synagogue you look there are reminders of this. Examples of this are objects such as the menorah the seven-branched candlestick, the tablets of stone bearing the ten commandments, the ark and the ner tamid the ever-burning lamp showing that god is always present in the synagogue. In conclusion, I know that this synagogue is an orthodox synagogue and not a reformed or liberal synagogue because, the bimah is at the centre of the synagogue symbolising that god and his words found in the torah should be held at the centre of peoples lives. Also, the men and women sit separately and the women arent taking a leading role in the actual worship itself. There would also never be a female rabbi conducting a service at an orthodox synagogue. The services coincidentally, are in about 70% Hebrew in an orthodox synagogue, which is much higher than the percentage of Hebrew, used in reform or liberal services. There is also no music played and the hymns and songs are sung without the aid or backup of music. In a liberal or reformed synagogue however things would be very different, for instance, there is quite a large chance that a female rabbi would be conducting the service, the man and women are more equal they sit together and worship together as one big mass. The bimah may be at the front which, in my opinion, gives a sense of preaching and I think Jews know their religion, they dont need to be educated about it they just want to worship god. There also may be an organ to accompany songs and hymns because music is permitted in reformed synagogues. There would also be slightly less Hebrew spoken. So this synagogue I have described to you is an orthodox synagogue. Orthodox translates to right belief and is considered to be traditional Judaism.